Founders:
While the postmodern approaches do not have a single founder, it is a collective effort. Including founders of solution-focused brief therapy and narrative therapy. These include:
Insoo Kim Berg: (1935-2007) was a co-developer of the solution -focused approach. She was also the director of the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee. As a leader in this therapy she provided workshops in several countries including the U.S.
http://www.jackhirose.com/newsletter/
Steve de Shazer: (1940-2005) he was a pioneer of solution-focused brief therapy. He was also the director of research at the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee. He wrote several books in his field. He also presented workshops and conducted a teaching tour in 2005, before he died.
http://www.solutions-centre.org/quotes/frame.htm
Michael White: (1949--2008) he was the co founder of the narrative therapy movement. He has worked with families and communities and this has attracted him international interests. He too has written many books in his field.
http://www.smh.com.au/news/
http://oreillyjnarrativetherapy.com/narrative-therapy/founders
Solution Focused Brief therapy
Goals of Therapy:
Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) reflects some about change, interaction, and reaching goals. The SFBT believe that people have the ability to construct goals and have the resources available to solve their problems. Goals are unique to each client and the client is the one responsible for creating their goals for a better future. It is important that the client is allowed to express what they are expecting and what they would like to achieve from the therapy. Solution focused therapist focus on realistic changes that can later lead to positive outcomes. The therapist offer several form of goals such as: Viewing the situation from a different frame of reference, changing what is being done (the doing), and getting in to the clients strengths. one of the main goals is to bring new meaning in the client's life, whatever that may be. Clients are often encourages to cooperate in solution-talk, rather than problem-talk. This is done because talking about problems is seen to bring on more problems, while talking about change and solutions can bring about just that.
http://www.solutionmind.com/approach/solution_focused_FAQ.html
Techniques:
Pre-therapy Change: simply making an appointment tends to set up for a positive change. Upon the first meeting the therapist might ask "What have you done since making the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?" by asking such questions the therapist is able to see what has already been done to make way for change.
Exception Questions: There are times in a clients life when the problems they are facing now were not seen as problems. SFBT therapist will often times ask exceptions questions, to direct the client to the time when this was not seen as a problem. By acknowledging this the client is able to work towards solutions.
The Miracle Question: de Shazer refers to the miracle question as a main technique of SFBT. The therapist will ask, "If a miracle occurred overnight and it solved the problem you are having, How would you know it was solved and what would be different?" This technique allows clients to hypothetically rid themselves of their problem. While doing so, there is a belief that changing the viewing of the problem, may in fact help with changes to the actual problem.
Scaling Question: solution focused therapists use these questions when the change in human experiences are not easy to observe. Things like feelings, moods, and communications. The therapist will assist the client in noticing that they are not completely defeated by their problem. Scale of 0-10 and rating oneself on anxiety of the problem before therapy and after the miracle when the problem is gone. This allows clients to pay close attention to what they are doing and how they can make changes based on that.
Formula First Session task: This is a form of homework that the therapist can give to the client to complete between the first and second visit. They simply ask them to observe things and to be able to describe them next session. This assignment shows that change is inevitable. Also emphasizes future solutions and diminishes thoughts of past problems.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PCwER4B5sk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtfFMiz5vKY
Key Concepts:
Unique focus of SFBT: focus on what is possible and have little to no interest in how the problem started. It is not necessary to know the originality of the problem to promote change.
Positive Orientation: people are healthy and competent and have the ability to create solutions to enhance their lives.
Looking for what is Working: focus on what is working in the clients life and encouraging clients to replicate these patterns is very important.
Narrative Therapy
Goals of Therapy:
A general goal of this therapy is to have clients describe their experience in a new language so to speak. While doing so they open up new possibilities. Narrative therapists seek to gain perspective and focus and facilitate the discovery or creation of new options that are unique to the clients that they see.
Techniques:
For the Narrative approach to be effective one must focus on the therapists' attitudes and perspectives rather than specific techniques. There is no set agenda that the therapist can follow for specific results. This approach is more of an application of skills than techniques. The questions a narrative therapist may ask seem to form a unique conversation. Whatever the purpose the questions seek to empower the clients. Narrative therapists use these questions as a way to generate new experiences rather than to gather information. Narrative therapists often times believe that it is not the person that is the problem, but the problem that is the problem. The therapist is always searching for unique outcomes from the questions asked. One way narrative therapists consolidate the gains of a client is to have him/her write letters. The letter highlights the struggle the client is having and can they can be read at later times.
http://profileengine.com/groups/profile/423215775/unique-outcomes-the-narrative-therapy-network
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtOflvfW8Ys
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uO5ssGiWHT8
Key Concepts:
Focus on Narrative Therapy: therapists are encouraged to establish a collaborative approach with an interest in listening to client's stories.
The Role of Stories: We live our life by stories we tell about ourselves and that others tell. These stories shape and mold us by what we see and do.
Listening with an Open Mind: listening to clients should be done without judgement or blame.
http://www.findyourvoice.us/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/whats_your_story_off.jpeg
Information courtesy of
Gerald Corey- Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy 9th ED.
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