Adlerian Therapy

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Founder: 

The founder of the Alderian Therapy style was Alfred Adler. Adler did not have a happy childhood. he was from a poor family and stayed very sick throughout his childhood. These experiences had an impact on the formation of his theories. Adler had a passionate concern for the common person. He wrote a book,  Understanding Human Nature, this was the first psychology book to sell thousands of copies in the United States. Adler created several child guidance clinics in the Vienna school system.


Goals of Therapy:

The main goal with the Alderian therapist is to develop a client's sense of belonging. This is accomplished by increasing the client's self-awareness. The analyst also wants to modify the client's life goals and concepts, doing this helps the client become more self-aware. The analyst's goal also consists of gaining a relationship with their client based on a mutual respect for one another. Alderian analyst do NOT view their clients as being "sick" and in need of a "cure". Rather than being deemed sick Alderian analyst consider their clients as simply discouraged. An Alderian analyst thinks that encouragement is the most powerful way to change a person's beliefs. This helps build a client's self-confidence and courage.

Techniques:

Alderian therapists allow their client's to view things through a different perspective, however it is left up to the client to decide whether to act on this alternate perspective. Therapists work with their clients to try to help them reach goals. Therapists will gather information on a client's style of living including family information. This will give the therapist a perspective on the client's success and failures. The therapist will also use what is called early recollections (stories or events that occurred in the client's life before the age of 10). These can be very useful in getting to know the client. After the early recollections are gathered the therapist can interpret some major successes and mistakes the client may have. The process of gathering all of this early life information is called a lifestyle assessment. This helps the therapist learn goals and produce targets for the therapy. The Alderian approach is structured into four central objectives:

• Establish a proper therapeutic relationship
• Explore psychological dynamics (assessment)
• Encourage the development of self-understanding
• Help the client make new choices

Overall the Alderian therapists strives to make a difference in the client's life.

Key Concepts:

• View of Human Nature: Focuses of the person's past, how early events effect a person's present behavior. 
• Subjective Perception of Reality: Analyst view the world from the client's perspective, known as phenomenological. This is referred to as subject reality. 
• Unity and Patterns of Human Personality: Adler stressed understanding the person as a whole and the context of his or her life.Influenced by Hans Vaihinger (1965) who notes that many people live by falseness. Alderians use the term fictional finalism to refer to this imagined life goal that guides a person's behavior.
• Social Interest and Community Feeling: Individual's awareness of being part of the human community and their attitudes with dealing with the social world. 
• Birth Order and Sibling relationships: Special attention to the relationships between siblings.

POSITION	FAMILY SITUATION	CHILD'S CHARACTERISTICS
ONLY	Birth is a miracle. Parents have no previous experience. Retains 200% attention from both parents. May become rival of one parent. Can be over-protected and spoiled.	Likes being the center of adult attention. Often has difficulty sharing with siblings and peers. Prefers adult company and uses adult language.
OLDEST	Dethroned by next child. Has to learn to share. Parent expectations are usually very high. Often given resposnsibility and expected to set an example.	May become authoritarian or strict. Feels power is his right. Can become helpful if encouraged. May turn to father after birth of next child.
SECOND	He has a pacemaker. There is always someone ahead.	Is more competitive, wants to overtake older child. May become a rebel or try to outdo everyone. Competition can deteriorate into rivalry.
MIDDLE	Is "sandwiched" in. May feel squeezed out of a position of privilege and significance.	May be even-tempered, "take it or leave it" attitude. May have trouble finding a place or become a fighter of injustice.
YOUNGEST	Has many mothers and fathers. Older children try to educate him. Never dethroned.	Wants to be bigger than the others. May have huge plans that never work out. Can stay the "baby." Frequently spoiled.
TWIN	One is usually stronger or more active. Parents may see one as the older.	Can have identity problems. Stronger one may become the leader.
"GHOST CHILD"	Child born after the death of the first child may have a "ghost" in front of him. Mother may becime over-protective.	Child may exploit mother's over-concern for his well-being, or he may rebel, and protest the feeling of being compared to an idealized memory.
ADOPTED CHILD	Parents may be so thankful to have a child that they spoil him. They may try to compensate for the loss of his biological parents.	Child may become very spoiled and demanding. Eventually, he may resent or idealize the biological parents.
ONLY BOY AMONG GIRLS	Usually with women all the time, if father is away.	May try to prove he is the man in the family, or become effeminate.
ONLY GIRL AMONG BOYS	Older brothers may act as her protectors.	Can become very feminine, or a tomboy and outdo the brothers. May try to please the father.
ALL BOYS	If mother wanted a girl, can be dressed as a girl.	Child may capitalize on assigned role or protest it vigorously.
ALL GIRLS	May be dressed as a boy.	Child may capitalize on assigned role or protest it vigorously.

*(Thanks to http://www.adlerian.us/birthord.htm)

Suggested Links

http://www.adlerian.us/birthord.htm

(courtesy of Gerald Corey from Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy) 

Psychoanalytical Therapy

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Founder: 

The founder of Psychoanalytical Therapy was Sigmund Freud. Freud spent most of his live devoted to understanding and extending his theory of psychoanalysis. During his early 40's Freud experienced some numerous psychosomatic disorders (such as fears of dying and other phobias). He used his own life experiences to gain an insight on the dynamics of personality development. Many of his basic concepts are still a part of the foundation that theorists build and develop today.

Goals of Therapy:

One of the main goals in Psychoanalytical Therapy is to bring the unconscious to the conscience. By doing this the analyst can determine if things of the unconscious mind are influencing the personality and behavior of the client. Another goal of this therapy is to strengthen the client's ego. A successful analyst using this approach can attempt to modify a client's personality and character structure. The analyst also wants to help the client acquire freedom to love, work, and play. 

Techniques:

Analysts use what is called the "blank screen" approach. Thus meaning that the analyst discloses very little of themselves and relies mostly on the client for communication. The analysts also remain neutral. This allows for the client to project onto the analyst. The client must be willing to commit to a long-term therapy process. The analyst may also engage the client in free association. This is where the client may lie on a couch and say whatever may come to mind. The clients express their feelings, memories, or fantasies with no self-censorship. Lying on a couch turned away from the analyst, the client is unable to "read" the analyst expressions which allows the client to self-disclose. 

Key Concepts:

• View of Human Nature: Freud believed that behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and drives. These evolve through the key psycho-sexual stages. 
• Structure of personality: personality is constructed of three systems. ID, EGO, SUPEREGO. (see below)
• Consciousness and Unconscious: This is they key to understanding behavior according to Freud. Consciousness is like the tip of the iceberg (the portion you can see) whereas the unconscious would be like the remainder of the iceberg below the waters. 
• Anxiety: Can be considered that a state of tension motivates one to do something. 
• Ego-Defense Mechanisms: these help the individual cope with anxieties and help prevent the ego from being overwhelmed. 

The Id, Ego , & Superego:

• Id- Original system of personality, it is demanding and insistent. Seeks the pleasure principle, (avoiding pain and gaining pleasure) ie: spoiled brat 
• Ego-The executive system of personality. Regulate as a traffic cop. Ruled by the reality principle ( realistic and logical things ---> plan of action)
• Superego: The judicial system of personality. Good or bad, right or wrong. 

Psychosexual Stages:

*thanks to: http://appsychologybhs.wikispaces.com/file/view/freud.jpg/272931800/freud.jpg

Suggested Links

http://psychology.about.com/od/pindex/f/psychoanalytic-therapy.htm

(courtesy of Gerald Corey from Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy)